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SOL-PAR-05

Paraphenylene Diamine

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Paraphenylene Diamine is a key ingredient in hair dye formulations, providing deep color intensity and durability by aiding in oxidative reactions, while offering rich, long-lasting color results in hair treatments.

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General Description:

Paraphenylene Diamine (PPD), also known as p-Phenylenediamine, is a synthetic aromatic amine compound primarily used as a permanent hair dye ingredient. It appears as a white to slightly purple solid that darkens upon exposure to air. When mixed with an oxidizing agent, PPD forms colored compounds that bind to the hair shaft, delivering long-lasting, natural-looking color. It is highly effective in covering gray hair and providing deep, vibrant tones, making it a cornerstone ingredient in permanent and oxidative hair dye formulations. PPD is widely available for industrial and cosmetic-grade applications, particularly in hair color products sold in salons and retail markets.

Uses in the Cosmetics Industry:

Paraphenylene Diamine is mainly used in:
Permanent hair dyes and coloring creams to provide long-lasting, oxidative color.
Beard and mustache dyes for effective gray coverage.

Eyebrow and eyelash tints (in some regions, under strict regulation).
Occasionally in temporary tattoos (though this use is restricted or banned in many countries due to safety concerns).
It is valued for its ability to deliver intense, durable color and is often combined with other color precursors and couplers to create a broad spectrum of shades.

Side Effects & Hazards:

PPD is a known skin sensitizer and can cause allergic reactions ranging from mild irritation to severe dermatitis, particularly with repeated or prolonged exposure. Symptoms can include redness, itching, swelling, and blistering. In rare cases, it may trigger serious allergic responses such as anaphylaxis. Due to these risks, its concentration is strictly regulated in cosmetic products (typically allowed up to 2% after mixing in hair dye formulations in the EU and other regions). It must not be used directly on the skin or in products like temporary black henna tattoos. During manufacturing and handling, proper protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, and adequate ventilation is essential. PPD should be stored in tightly sealed containers away from air and light to prevent oxidation and degradation.

Consumers and professionals must always perform patch tests before use to check for sensitivity. For safe use in cosmetic manufacturing, sourcing high-purity PPD and following regulatory guidelines is critical to ensure product safety and legal compliance.

CAS Number: 106-50-3

INCI Name: p-PhenylenediamineComposition: An aromatic amine compound with two amino groups positioned para (1,4) on a benzene ring; chemical formula: C₆H₄(NH₂)₂

Purity Grade: Industrial/Cosmetic Grade (high purity required for regulated cosmetic use)

Appearance: White to purple-gray crystalline solid; darkens upon exposure to air or light

Solubility: Slightly soluble in water; more soluble in ethanol and other organic solvents

Preservation: Not typically preserved; extremely sensitive to oxidation, often stabilized with antioxidants in formulations

Storage: Store in a tightly sealed container in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area; protect from light and air; avoid heat and moisture

Raw Material Sources: Synthetic; derived from petrochemical feedstocks such as aniline and nitrobenzene

Manufacture: Produced via chemical synthesis involving nitration of benzene followed by reduction and purification steps

Animal Testing: Testing may occur depending on region and application; many regulatory safety studies have involved animal data

GMO: Not applicable; synthetic and not derived from biological organisms

Vegan: Yes; synthetic and does not contain animal-derived ingredients

Proposition: Listed under California Proposition 65 as a chemical known to cause cancer; strict usage restrictions apply

Warning: Known strong skin sensitizer and potential allergen; can cause serious allergic reactions, dermatitis, and respiratory issues; use in cosmetics (e.g., hair dyes) is heavily regulated and banned or restricted in several countries

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)

Paraphenylene Diamine, commonly known as PPD, is an aromatic amine compound primarily used as a hair dye intermediate in oxidative hair coloring systems. It delivers long-lasting, deep color results by reacting with other colorants and developers during the coloring process.

CAS Number: 106-50-3
INCI Name: Paraphenylene Diamine

PPD is primarily used in:
Permanent hair dyes and color creams
Beard and mustache dyes
Eyebrow and eyelash tints (in limited professional settings)
Temporary tattoo inks (though not recommended)

PPD is favored in hair dye formulations because it:
Produces natural-looking, long-lasting color
Allows for a wide range of color shades, from dark browns to blacks
Penetrates the hair shaft for durable, fade-resistant results

When used according to regulatory guidelines, PPD is permitted for use in oxidative hair dyes, with maximum allowable concentrations. However, it can cause skin sensitization or allergic reactions in some individuals. A patch test is strongly recommended before use. It is not allowed in leave-on products or skin applications in many regions.

PPD is typically used at concentrations of up to 2% in the final product after mixing with hydrogen peroxide. Always follow the regulatory limits and labeling guidelines specific to your region (e.g., EU, FDA, etc.).

PPD is a synthetic chemical and is not derived from natural sources. While effective in achieving durable color results, it is not used in natural or organic-certified formulations.

Must be used only in rinse-off hair colorants
Requires appropriate labeling, including warning statements and patch test instructions
Restricted or banned in some countries for specific applications (e.g., in temporary tattoos)
Alternative dye systems (PPD-free) are available for consumers with known allergies